Supine hypertension (BP) was counted about best arm having fun with a manual mercury sphygmomanometer, just after an excellent ten-minute resting period. The original together with 5th Korotkoff levels were used to help you define systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), correspondingly. New suggest from around three proportions is actually regarded as the newest BP worth. PP are defined as the difference between SBP and you may DBP. Waist width (WC) is measured using an enthusiastic inelastic tape place halfway amongst the lower ribs and you will iliac crests on the mid-axillary range. Important biological variables (enzymatic method, automat HITACHI 917 (Roche, Meylan, France); colorimetric method for albumin dose and you may hematology: ABX, Pentra 120, Meylan, France) was measured lower than fasting conditions; high-occurrence lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) is actually counted by direct enzymatic assay which have cyclodextrin (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). A resting electrocardiogram is actually filed. Breathing form try examined because of the spirometry by the computing forced expiratory frequency (FEV1). Cigarette smoking use (never ever tobacco user, ex-tobacco user and you can newest tobacco user), physical activity (regular physical activity: sure if any), private medical background, newest medicines and you will alcohol based drinks, social standing and you may work-related hobby was reviewed using a personal-applied survey. Stress and you may despair results were examined from the verified surveys (Beck ainsi que al., 1974; Cohen et al., 1983); Subjected Health Updates (SHS) ratings was basically amassed which have a self-quote on a level ranging from 0 and you will ten. Alcoholic beverages consumption is quantified since quantity of standard glasses of liquor (10 grams each cup) consumed per day. Each kind from alcohol (such as for example cider and you will alcohol, drink, appetizer) try recorded. Overall liquor consumption try computed since the sum of every type regarding alcoholic beverages consumed additionally the involved quantity (due to the fact grams away from alcoholic drinks) try projected. All of the logical and you will physiological parameters was basically analyzed on a single big date of one’s examination.
This new IPC Cardio obtained consent about Federal Committee of data and you will Municipal Versatility so you can make this type of analyses. The subjects provided the told agree during the test.
Mathematical analysis
Alcoholic beverages are split into five kinds : (1) zero alcohol consumption, (2) lowest alcohol based drinks (lower than that mug each and every day), (3) reasonable alcohol based drinks (anywhere between you to definitely and you can three cups every single day), (4) large alcoholic beverages (more three glasses) and (5) subjects who in the past consumed alcoholic drinks however little people meet, who don’t did (previous drinkers). As a result of the latest heterogeneity on the selection of previous drinkers (day elapsed just like the cessation of alcoholic beverages, reason for that it cessation, etcetera.), data within this classification were examined by themselves.
For quantitative variables, the four first groups were compared by multivariate model analysis, which included age to take into account the difference in age observed between the different groups; respiratory function (FEV1) was compared across the groups before and after further adjustment for tobacco status. For qualitative variables, comparisons were made using the ? 2 test. As one may hypothesize that the relationships between alcohol and health and social status are not identical in males and females, we analyzed these relationships on the basis of stratification by gender. All parameters associated with alcohol consumption in univariate analysis were included in a multivariate model. Forward regression analysis was carried out and all variables remaining in the model were significant with P<0.05. All statistical analyses were performed using the SAS statistical software (version 8.02; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Data collected from a total of 149 773 subjects (97 406 men and 52 367 women) were analyzed. The average ages of men and women were 47.6±15 and 47.0±12 years, respectively. In this population, 13.7% of men and 23.9% of women were abstinent (4.5% former drinkers and 9.2% never drinkers in men; 20.1% never drinkers and 3.1% former drinkers in women). Total alcohol intake increased with age both in men and in women. With the exception of the subgroup of young subjects (<30 years of age), alcoholic beverages mainly consisted of wine. In addition, wine consumption increased with age, whereas those of beer and appetizers decreased (P<0.0001).